Which of the following are included in biochemical tests for identifying bacteria?

Biochemical tests for identifying bacteria focus on assessing the metabolic functions and biochemical pathways of the organisms. This includes tests to determine their ability to ferment carbohydrates, produce gas, or utilize various substrates for energy. Such tests can reveal vital information about an organism's identity based on its enzymatic reactions and metabolic byproducts.

For instance, fermentation tests help identify bacteria by measuring their ability to ferment specific sugars and produce acids or gases. Other tests assess metabolic activities such as oxidase, catalase, or urease tests, which can differentiate among various species based on their biochemical profiles.

These tests are integral to the identification process, as they provide nuanced insights into the biochemical capacities of the bacteria, which is crucial for accurate classification and diagnosis in microbiology.