What leads to an increase in microbial resistance among pathogens?

The increase in microbial resistance among pathogens is primarily attributed to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. When antibiotics are used excessively or improperly, such as when they are prescribed for viral infections or when patients don’t complete their prescribed course, bacteria are exposed to these drugs without being completely eradicated. This exposure allows some bacteria to survive and adapt to the antibiotics, leading to the development of resistant strains. These resistant bacteria can then proliferate, making infections harder to treat and control.

Furthermore, the use of antibiotics in agriculture to promote growth in livestock can also contribute to this issue, as it creates an environment in which bacteria can develop resistance through constant exposure. This cycle emphasizes the importance of responsible antibiotic stewardship to help mitigate the development of resistance.

The other options pertain to practices that can help in managing or preventing infections but do not contribute to the increase in resistance. Promoting sanitation practices, improving vaccine efficacy, and increasing public awareness of hygiene are all strategies that can reduce the spread of infections and, consequently, the necessity for antibiotic use, thereby contributing positively to public health.