What is the primary mode of action of sodium hypochlorite in disinfection?

Sodium hypochlorite primarily acts as a disinfectant through the oxidation of cellular components. When sodium hypochlorite is introduced to microbial cells, it releases chlorine, which interacts with various organic and inorganic molecules within the cell. This oxidation reaction damages essential cellular structures, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, ultimately leading to cell death.

The effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant can be attributed to its ability to disrupt metabolic pathways and compromise the integrity of the cell membrane, effectively rendering the microorganism nonviable. By targeting and oxidizing critical cellular functions, sodium hypochlorite demonstrates a powerful method for achieving disinfection, making it a common choice in various health and sanitation applications.