What is an example of a physical method of controlling microorganisms?

Autoclaving is a physical method of controlling microorganisms that involves the use of steam under pressure to sterilize equipment and materials. This process effectively kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores by subjecting them to high temperatures (typically around 121 degrees Celsius) for a specified duration. The pressure ensures that the steam penetrates materials thoroughly, making it a reliable method for achieving sterilization in clinical and laboratory settings.

In contrast, chlorination, disinfection with alcohol, and application of antibiotics are all chemical methods that aim to reduce microbial contamination or eliminate pathogens through chemical reactions rather than through physical means. Chlorination uses chlorine-based chemicals to disinfect water, alcohols act by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, and antibiotics target specific bacterial processes or structures. Therefore, autoclaving stands out as a physical method due to its reliance on heat and pressure instead of chemicals.