What are endotoxins released from?

Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of certain bacteria, particularly Gram-negative bacteria. They are released primarily when these organisms die, particularly as the cell wall disintegrates upon cell lysis. This release can trigger various immune responses in the host, leading to symptoms associated with infections, such as fever, inflammation, and shock.

In contrast, living cells do not release endotoxins because they are integral parts of the bacterial structure. Although bacteria might release other substances during reproduction, endotoxins are not part of this process. Similarly, while some bacterial components can be released in response to antibiotics, it is the death of the bacteria that causes endotoxin release. Therefore, the release of endotoxins is specifically linked to the cessation of life in the bacteria, making the point of cellular death the correct context for understanding how endotoxins enter the surrounding environment.