How does sterilization differ from disinfection?

Sterilization and disinfection are both essential processes in microbiology, particularly in contexts like mortuary science where controlling microbial life is crucial. The correct choice highlights that sterilization kills all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores, thereby achieving complete sterility. This is particularly important in settings where any microbial presence could lead to contamination or infection.

In contrast, disinfection specifically targets and reduces pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms to a level that is considered safe, but it does not necessarily eliminate all microbes. Disinfectants may leave behind some non-pathogenic bacteria or spores, which is why they are typically used on surfaces and instruments that do not require absolute sterility.

Understanding this distinction is vital for ensuring the appropriate level of microbial control depending on the application, whether it be preparing medical instruments for invasive procedures or cleaning non-critical surfaces.